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    Introdução ao Bootstrap 4

    Jhonathan SoaresBy 9 Mins Read Front-End

    O Bootstrap 4 é uma grande reescrita do tão famoso Bootstrap. Depois de 2 anos na versão alfa, o Bootstrap 4 agora é beta e entra em fase final para o release final.  O Bootstrap é a o framework mais popular do mundo para criar sites e aplicativos móveis e na sua versão 4 apresenta várias novidades, onde iremos analisar alguma delas e mostrar nossa “primeira impressão” da nova versão do Boostrap:

    À medida que a web evolui cada vez mais para o design responsivo, pode ser um verdadeiro desafio para os desenvolvedores web manterem-se. O Bootstrap pode tornar as coisas muito mais fáceis. O Bootstrap permite que você crie sites responsivos sem que você precise fazer adaptações, o Bootstrap cuida disso.

     

    Começo rápido

    Para adicionar rapidamente o Bootstrap ao seu projeto, use o Bootstrap CDN, fornecido gratuitamente pelo pessoal da MaxCDN.

    Veja este exemplo de quickstart:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <!-- Required meta tags -->
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">

    <!-- Bootstrap CSS -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0-beta/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-/Y6pD6FV/Vv2HJnA6t+vslU6fwYXjCFtcEpHbNJ0lyAFsXTsjBbfaDjzALeQsN6M" crossorigin="anonymous">
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Hello, world!</h1>

    <!-- Optional JavaScript -->
    <!-- jQuery first, then Popper.js, then Bootstrap JS -->
    <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.2.1.slim.min.js" integrity="sha384-KJ3o2DKtIkvYIK3UENzmM7KCkRr/rE9/Qpg6aAZGJwFDMVNA/GpGFF93hXpG5KkN" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.11.0/umd/popper.min.js" integrity="sha384-b/U6ypiBEHpOf/4+1nzFpr53nxSS+GLCkfwBdFNTxtclqqenISfwAzpKaMNFNmj4" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0-beta/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-h0AbiXch4ZDo7tp9hKZ4TsHbi047NrKGLO3SEJAg45jXxnGIfYzk4Si90RDIqNm1" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
  </body>
</html>

     

    Isso é tudo o que você precisa para obter os requisitos gerais da página básica para uma aplicação com Boostrap 4.

     

    Veja uma tabela comparativa do site Quackit que mostra um comparativo entre as versões 3 e 4.

    Component Bootstrap 3 Bootstrap 4
    Global
    Source CSS Files LESS SCSS
    Primary CSS Unit px rem
    Media Queries Unit px px
    Global Font Size 14px 16px
    Default Fonts Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif Uses a “native font stack” (user’s system fonts), with a fallback to Helvetica Neue, Arial, and sans-serif
    Grids
    Grid Tiers 4 tier grid system (xs, sm, md, lg) 5 tier grid system (xs, sm, md, lg, xl).
    Offsetting Columns Uses col-*-offset-* classes to offset columns. For example, col-md-offset-4. Uses offset-*-* classes to offset columns. For example, offset-md-4.
    Tables
    Inverse Tables Not supported. Added inverse tables with the .table-inverse class.
    Table Head Styles Not supported. Added table head styles with the .thead-default and .thead-inverse classes.
    Condensed Tables .table-condensed .table-sm
    Contextual Classes Bootstrap 3 doesn’t use the .table- prefix for its contextual classes.

    For example, Bootstrap 3 uses .active whereas Bootstrap 4 uses .table-active. Other than that, both versions use the same 5 contextual keywords (active, success, info, warning, danger).

    		 Added the .table- prefix for its contextual classes.
    Responsive Tables The .table-responsive class must be added to a parent div element. Can add .table-responsive to the actual table element.
    Reflow Tables Not supported. Added reflow tables with the .table-reflow class.

    Reflow tables have now been dropped.
    Forms
    Horizontal Forms Horizontal forms require the .form-horizontal class.

    Forms don’t require .row when using grids (although this class is still a requirement on Bootstrap 3 grids in general).

    		 Bootstrap 4 dropped the .form-horizontal class — it is no longer needed to display horizontal forms.

    Forms require the .row class when using grids.
    Use .control-label when using grids for form layout. Bootstrap 4 uses .col-form-label * when using grids for form layout.

    * Note that Bootstrap 4 initially used .form-control-label but subesquently changed this to .col-form-label.
    Checkboxes and Radio Buttons Uses .radio, .radio-inline, .checkbox, or .checkbox-inline to display checkboxes and radio buttons. Uses .form-check, .form-check-label, .form-check-input, and .form-check-inline.
    Form Control Size Use .input-lg and .input-sm to increase or decrease the size of an input control. Use .form-control-lg and .form-control-sm to increase or decrease the size of an input control.
    Help Text Use the .help-block class to display help text. Bootstrap 4 uses the .form-text class to display help text.

    Bootstrap 4 forms don’t have an official class for help text. Instead, the .text-muted class was introduced for more flexibility.
    Validation and Feedback Icons Includes validation styles for error, warning, and success states on form controls (for example, .has-warning). To present icons on the input fields using Bootstrap 3, use glyphicons. Validation styles are not available for Bootstrap 4 forms. Use custom Bootstrap form validation messages instead.
    Legends No classes for styling the form legends. Provides the option of using .col-form-legend on legend elements to style it more like a label.
    Custom Forms Not supported. Bootstrap 4 introduced custom forms — completely custom form elements that replace the browser defaults.
    Buttons
    Styles Includes the .btn-default and .btn-info classes.

    The .btn-secondary class isn’t available in Bootstrap 3.

    		 Introduced the .btn-secondary, .btn-light, and .btn-dark classes.

    Dropped the .btn-default class.

    Note that the .btn-info class was initially dropped in Bootstrap 4 but then reappeared again.
    Outline Buttons Not supported. Introduced the .btn-outline-* classes for styling buttons with an outline color.

    Introduced the .btn-*-outline classes for styling buttons with an outline color.

    (The .btn-*-outline classes became .btn-outline-* in Alpha 3).
    Button Sizes The .btn-xs class is available. Dropped the .btn-xs class (only .btn-sm and .btn-lg are available now).
    Images
    Responsive Images Use .img-responsive class. Use .img-fluid class.
    Image Alignment Use .pull-right, .pull-left, and .center-block helper classes. Uses .m-x-auto instead of .center-block to align block-level images.

    Can also use the various .pull-*-right and .pull-*-left responsive helper classes, as well as the .text-*-left, .text-*-center, and .text-*-right helper classes on the image’s parent.

    Can use the various .pull-*-none classes to disable floating.
    Media Objects
    Classes Includes many different classes for media objects, including .media, .media-body .media-object, .media-heading, .media-right, .media-left, and .media-list and .media-body. Uses just .media class. Margins can be applied using spacer utilities. Media objects are flexbox enabled in Bootstrap 4, so the various flexbox classes can also be applied (such as reordering, etc).
    Dropdowns
    Structure Apply dropdowns to lists (i.e. using ul and li). Dropdowns can be built with ul or divs.

    Apply the .dropdown-item to a a or button element and wrap them all in a div (or ul) with a .dropdown-menu class applied.
    Menu Headers Apply .dropdown-header to the li tag. Apply .dropdown-header to h1 – h2 tags (as Bootstrap no longer uses li tags to build dropdowns).
    Dividers Apply the .divider class to the li element (because it used lists to build dropdowns). Apply the .dropdown-divider to the div element.
    Disabled Menu Items Apply the .disabled class to the li element. Apply the .disabled class to the a element.
    Button Groups
    Justified? Supports justified button groups (via the .btn-group-justified class). Not supported.
    Extra Small? Supports extra small button groups (via the .btn-group-xs class). Not supported (dropped the .btn-group-xs class).
    Navs
    Inline Navs There is no .nav-inline class. Can use the .nav-inline class to explicitly specify navs to be displayed inline.
    Navbars
    Colors Limited (preset) color options. Supports inverse navbars but not the other classes. New (preset) color options. Introduced the .navbar-light and the .navbar-dark classes, and allows the .bg-* classes to be used on navbars.
    Navbar Alignment Use .navbar-right, .navbar-left to align components within the navbar. Use the various .pull-*-right and .pull-*-left responsive helper classes.

    Can also use the various .pull-*-none classes to disable floating.

    Can either use spacing utilities such as .mr-auto, or any of the flexbox alignment utilities.
    Navbar Forms Add the .navbar-form class to forms within navbars. Bootstrap 4 dropped the .navbar-form class. It’s no longer necessary.
    Fixed Navbars Uses .navbar-fixed-top and .navbar-fixed-bottom to fix navbars to the top or bottom. Uses .fixed-top and .fixed-bottom.
    Pagination
    Default Pagination Only requires .pagination to be added (to the ul element that represents the list of pages). Must also add .page-item to each li element and .page-link to each a element.
    Pagers Uses .previous and .next for aligning pagers. Pagers have been dropped in Bootstrap 4 (Alpha 3).

    Uses .pager-prev and .pager-next for aligning pagers.
    Labels
    Pill Labels The .label-pill class is not available. However, Bootstrap 3 does have badges (which achieves a similar visual effect). Labels have been replaced by badges in Bootstrap 4.

    Badges can use the .badge-pill for rounded corners.
    Tags
    Supported? No.

    “Tags” are called “Labels” in Bootstrap 3 (i.e. they use the .label class).

    		 Yes.

    The .tag class was introduced in Bootstrap 4 (Alpha 3) to replace the .label class.

    This was done to disambiguate from the label element.

    Tags have now been renamed to “badges”. These replace labels from Bootstrap 3.
    Jumbotron
    Full-Width The .jumbotron-fluid class is not required on full-width jumbotrons. Introduced the .jumbotron-fluid class for full-width jumbotrons.
    Progress Bars
    Uses progress? Doesn’t use the progress for progress bars. Instead, applies progress bar classes to nested div elements. Uses the HTML5 progress element when working with progress bars.

    Using the progress element was abandoned in Alpha 6. Bootstrap 4 now uses the div element again.
    Glyphicons
    Supported? Supported. Not supported.
    Typography
    Blockquotes Bootstrap styles are applied to the blockquote element by default. Introduced the .blockquote class for styling the blockquote element (i.e. styling this element is now opt-in).
    Blockquote Alignment Use .blockquote-reverse to align a blockquote to the right. Use the text utilities to align blockquotes (.text-center and .text-right).
    Page Headers The .page-header class is supported. The .page-header class is not supported.
    Description Lists The .dl-horizontal class was used to declare a horizontal list. Horizontal lists are now declared with the .row class on the dl tag, then any of the grid system’s predefined classes to the dt and dd tags.
    Non-Responsive Usage
    Supported? Supported. You can specify a layout to be non-responsive. Not supported.
    List Groups
    Linked List Items / Button List Items Apply .list-group-item to the a element. Apply .list-group-item-action to the a element.
    Collapse
    Show content Uses .in to have content expanded upon page load. Uses .show to have content expanded upon page load.
    Cards
    Supported? Not supported. Introduced in Bootstrap 4. Cards replace functionality that was previously provided by panels, wells, and thumbnails.
    Panels
    Supported? Supported. Not supported. Use cards instead.
    Wells
    Supported? Supported. Not supported. Use cards instead.
    Thumbnails
    Supported? Supported. Not supported. Use cards instead.
    Breadcrumbs
    Classes Uses the .breadcrumb class against the ul tag. Also requires .breadcrumb-item to be applied against all li elements that make up the breadcrumb.

    Breadcrumbs can also be used outside of lists. For example, the .breadcrumb-item could be applied to a bunch of a elements that are wrapped in a .breadcrumb element.
    Carousels
    Carousel Item Use .item class. Use .carousel-item class.
    Affix
    Supported? Yes. No.


    O Bootstrap 4 alpha foi lançado em 19 de agosto de 2015. Após dois anos em vários lançamentos alfa, o Bootstrap 4 finalmente chegou à versão beta em 10 de agosto de 2017. Esta versão envolve uma grande revisão do Bootstrap com algumas grandes mudanças na forma como funciona quando em comparação com o Bootstrap 3. Houve muitas alterações na maioria dos componentes, incluindo tabelas, formulários, grades, dropdowns, navbars e muito mais.

    Para fazer download do bootstrap você pode clicar na página oficial e acessar os arquivos completos para utilizar offline em sua aplicação.

    Você também pode acessar este tutorial completo sobre boostrap (em inglês) para mais detalhes.

    Um grande abraço!

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    Criador do blog Código Simples e com mais 15 anos de experiência em TI, com títulos de MVP Microsoft na área de Visual Studio Development, Neo4j Top 50 Certificate, Scrum Master e MongoDB Evangelist.

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